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[[Community Currency Guide]]トップページに戻る [[CCガイド 14ページ]] Mixed media: When several media are used for the same currency, this provides of course maximum flexibility. The historical evolution of conventional money has traced a logical sequence towards more convenience: one started with physical commodity money (such as precious metal coins used to be); but now it is more convenient to handle paper receipts with promises to pay that physical commodity (“I will pay to the bearer the sum of one Pound Sterling” is still written on the English currency bills). And of course, if the appropriate technological infrastructure is available electronic bits are even cheaper to move around than paper currency. The same currency can and often does take different forms depending on the media that supports it. For instance, national currency takes many forms: electronic bits, paper, or coins. 複数媒体の併用:同じ通貨に複数の媒体を併用すれば、もちろん最大限の柔軟性が引き出されます。従来のお金の歴史的発展は、より便利になるための論理的筋道をたどってきました。たとえば、人は当初、物理的な商品貨幣(たとえば貴金属硬貨)を使い始めましたが、今ではその物理的商品に相当することを保証する、より取り扱いやすい紙の領収書が用いられています(イギリス為替手形には今なお「私は持参人に合計1ポンドのイギリス通貨を支払います」と書かれています)。そしてもちろん、適切な技術インフラが整えば、電子貨幣は紙幣よりいっそう安価に流通します。通貨は支持する媒体に依存して異なる形態を採りうるし、しばしば異なる形態になります。たとえば、国の通貨は電子貨幣、紙幣、硬貨のように複数の形態をとります。 The advantages and disadvantages of each of these media are relatively straightforward. これらの媒体のそれぞれにおける利点、欠点は、わりとはっきりしています。 Commodity currencies have as advantage that one doesn’t need a lot of social or legal infrastructure to make them work – it is the only currency that can operate in extreme circumstances such as civil war, social or economic chaos. Such “currency” can be literally consumed directly by the recipient as a last resort, and it is also most impervious to counterfeiting. Its inconvenience is also clear: limited flexibility to create it; and it can be inconvenient to store, handle and transport as well. 商品貨幣はそれを機能させるための社会的、または法的基盤を必要としないという利点があります。それは国の内乱や社会的/経済的混乱のような特殊な状況下において用いられます。このような“通貨”は文字通り最後の手段として受取人にじかに消費され、そのため偽造されづらくなります。不便な点もまたはっきりしています。それは、製造する場合の柔軟性に欠け、貯蔵するのが難しく、取り扱いや運搬が困難なことです。 Paper currencies in contrast are among the easiest to handle, and are cheap to produce. But they have as downside that they can also more easily be counterfeited. With today’s high quality photocopying equipment available to almost anybody, security is a perpetual issue for paper currencies. Even for complementary currencies, this issue needs to be addressed as soon at they become successful enough to make it worthwhile for someone to counterfeit them. Electronic media are fairly familiar by now. PCs are the most common support for small to medium-sized complementary currency systems, and are satisfactory if one has access to phones and other communication means to convey the information to the person handling the PC. Their downside is that such an approach tends to require a labor intensive way to process the transactions. Internet connections in which the users update their own transactions reduce the cost of overhead, but create additional risks for fraud, and not everybody has an easy access to a computer. Smartcards combine the advantages of both, but require readers that are both expensive and not commonly found anywhere but Europe and Japan at this point. The best electronic solution would be to have the complementary currency piggy-back on another smartcard application, such as a public transport or a bank-smartcard. That way the marginal cost of adding the complementary currency application becomes very reasonable. Mixed media is of course the ideal, because one can tailor the advantages of each form to whatever the specific application of the currency. But as a downside one should remember that particularly from a security viewpoint, whatever the weakest media is ends up also as the weakest link of the entire chain. [[CCガイド 16ページ]]
[[Community Currency Guide]]トップページに戻る [[CCガイド 14ページ]] Mixed media: When several media are used for the same currency, this provides of course maximum flexibility. The historical evolution of conventional money has traced a logical sequence towards more convenience: one started with physical commodity money (such as precious metal coins used to be); but now it is more convenient to handle paper receipts with promises to pay that physical commodity (“I will pay to the bearer the sum of one Pound Sterling” is still written on the English currency bills). And of course, if the appropriate technological infrastructure is available electronic bits are even cheaper to move around than paper currency. The same currency can and often does take different forms depending on the media that supports it. For instance, national currency takes many forms: electronic bits, paper, or coins. 複数媒体の併用:同じ通貨に複数の媒体を併用すれば、もちろん最大限の柔軟性が引き出されます。従来のお金の歴史的発展は、より便利になるための論理的筋道をたどってきました。たとえば、人は当初、物理的な商品貨幣(たとえば貴金属硬貨)を使い始めましたが、今ではその物理的商品に相当することを保証する、より取り扱いやすい紙の領収書が用いられています(イギリス為替手形には今なお「私は持参人に合計1ポンドのイギリス通貨を支払います」と書かれています)。そしてもちろん、適切な技術インフラが整えば、電子貨幣は紙幣よりいっそう安価に流通します。通貨は支持する媒体に依存して異なる形態を採りうるし、しばしば異なる形態になります。たとえば、国の通貨は電子貨幣、紙幣、硬貨のように複数の形態をとります。 The advantages and disadvantages of each of these media are relatively straightforward. これらの媒体のそれぞれにおける利点、欠点は、わりとはっきりしています。 Commodity currencies have as advantage that one doesn’t need a lot of social or legal infrastructure to make them work – it is the only currency that can operate in extreme circumstances such as civil war, social or economic chaos. Such “currency” can be literally consumed directly by the recipient as a last resort, and it is also most impervious to counterfeiting. Its inconvenience is also clear: limited flexibility to create it; and it can be inconvenient to store, handle and transport as well. 商品貨幣はそれを機能させるための社会的、または法的基盤を必要としないという利点があります。それは国の内乱や社会的/経済的混乱のような特殊な状況下において用いられます。このような“通貨”は文字通り最後の手段として受取人にじかに消費され、そのため偽造されづらくなります。不便な点もまたはっきりしています。それは、製造する場合の柔軟性に欠け、貯蔵するのが難しく、取り扱いや運搬が困難なことです。 Paper currencies in contrast are among the easiest to handle, and are cheap to produce. But they have as downside that they can also more easily be counterfeited. With today’s high quality photocopying equipment available to almost anybody, security is a perpetual issue for paper currencies. Even for complementary currencies, this issue needs to be addressed as soon at they become successful enough to make it worthwhile for someone to counterfeit them. いっぽう、紙の通貨は扱いやすく、安価に製造できます。しかし、それが小型化されるにつれ、偽造されやすくなります。今日の高品質なフォトコピー機は、ほとんど誰にとっても入手可能ですから、紙の通貨においてセキュリティーは、絶え間ない重要課題です。補完通貨においても、この通貨が偽造に取り組むだけの価値をもつにいたった場合、すぐにこの問題に取り組む必要があります。 Electronic media are fairly familiar by now. PCs are the most common support for small to medium-sized complementary currency systems, and are satisfactory if one has access to phones and other communication means to convey the information to the person handling the PC. Their downside is that such an approach tends to require a labor intensive way to process the transactions. いまや、電子メディアはかなりおなじみなものとなりました。小型から中型の補完通貨システムにおいて、PCは最もありふれたものであり、もし、ある人が受話器をもちいて、他の人がPCをもちいて情報を伝達するつもりでいるなら、それは充分満足がいきます(すいません、意味不明です。yagi)。これらの小型化は、このような扱い方は、商取引の過程できわめて労働集約的な方法となります(これもわからない。。)。 Internet connections in which the users update their own transactions reduce the cost of overhead, but create additional risks for fraud, and not everybody has an easy access to a computer. Smartcards combine the advantages of both, but require readers that are both expensive and not commonly found anywhere but Europe and Japan at this point. The best electronic solution would be to have the complementary currency piggy-back on another smartcard application, such as a public transport or a bank-smartcard. That way the marginal cost of adding the complementary currency application becomes very reasonable. インターネット接続によって利用者が商取引の更新をすることは、経費の節約になります。しかし、さらなる詐欺行為のリスクを増やしますし、誰もがコンピューターに簡単にアクセスできるわけでもありません。スマートカードはこれらの利点を併せ持ちますが、リーダーを必要とします。リーダーは高価で、今のところ、ヨーロッパでも日本でもどこででも見かけるわけではありません。電子的な最良の方法は、たとえば公共の輸送機関や銀行のスマートカードのような他のアプリケーションに、補完通貨を便乗させることでしょう。この方法は、補完通貨のアプリケーションに最低限のコストを必要とするだけなので、とても理にかなっています。 Mixed media is of course the ideal, because one can tailor the advantages of each form to whatever the specific application of the currency. But as a downside one should remember that particularly from a security viewpoint, whatever the weakest media is ends up also as the weakest link of the entire chain.  複数媒体の併用は、利用者がそれぞれの通貨形態をその利点にあわせて使い分けることが出来るので、もっとも理想的な方法です。しかし、小型化するにつれ、とりわけセキュリティーの観点への配慮を忘れてはいけません。もっとも弱いメディアが結局、全体の鎖の輪のもっとも弱い点となるからです。 [[CCガイド 16ページ]]

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